Microneedle vaccines utilize tiny microneedles, usually made of metals or polymers, to deliver vaccine through the skin. These microneedles are so small that they cannot penetrate deep enough to reach nerves, eliminating the pain typically associated with traditional hypodermic needle injections. The shallow penetration is enough to stimulate an immune response in the skin's rich network of immune cells. Compared to traditional intramuscular shots, microneedle vaccines are applied as a simple patch to the skin rather than an injection, improving patient acceptability and increasing vaccine uptake.
Microneedle Flu Vaccine Workings
Microneedle Flu Vaccine patches are prepared by coating or filling the microneedles, which are usually less than 1 millimeter long, with the vaccine. When applied to the skin, the microneedles penetrate the outer layer of dead skin cells known as the stratum corneum without stimulating nerve endings. This allows the vaccine to access the dense network of antigen presenting cells just beneath the skin's surface which activates both antibody-producing B cells and memory T cells. Within a few hours, the microneedles dissolve, leaving the vaccine deposited in the skin to stimulate an immune response. The skin successfully develops both humoral immunity through antibodies in the bloodstream and cellular immunity through memory T cells to provide long-term protection against viruses like influenza.
Advantages of Microneedle Flu Vaccines
The potential advantages of utilizing microneedle patches for seasonal flu vaccines are numerous. Firstly, as mentioned earlier, they provide vaccination through a painless method that does not require trained medical professionals to administer. This removes a major barrier to vaccination for those afraid of needles. It also reduces medical waste as no needles or syringes are used. Microneedle patches are easy to self-administer and stable at room temperature, allowing for global distribution without cold chain requirements. They stimulate both arms of the immune system through skin administration. Due to the smaller needle size, there is also a reduced risk of injury to nerves or blood vessels when compared to traditional hypodermic needles.
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